\n\nMaterial and methods: Group 1, recruited prospectively, included 51 Dedicace (TM) stems (Stryker-Howmedica) GSK461364 concentration and group 2, retrospectively matched to group 1, comprised 51 Kerboull MK3 (TM) stems (Stryker-Howmedica). While MK3 prosthetic system increases in size homogeneously (widening along the whole length as the implant dimension increases), the Dedicace prosthetic system provides various metaphyseal widths for a given

diaphyseal size. We opted for primary fixation (press fit according to the “French paradox”) prior to cementing in both cases, despite the risk of discontinuity in the cement mantle. The homogeneous dimensioning of the MK3 stem enables distal primary fixation, whereas the Dedicace range allows differentiated adaptation to diaphyseal length and metaphyseal caliber. The following parameters were measured and calculated: Noble index, femoral cortical thickness score of Barnett and Nordin diaphyseal filling and stress-shielding at three levels around the stem.\n\nResults: Bone-remodeling, assessed on X-ray, was without clinical impact, whether it took the form of spongialization or stress-shielding. BI 2536 ic50 The sole factor tending to induce stress-shielding was a high degree of canal filling by the distal third of the stem, more frequently encountered with the MK3 model. Metaphyseal filling was equivalent with all stems. In the matched series on the contralateral healthy side,

femoral spongialization was comparable.\n\nLevel of proof: Level III; case/control study. (C) 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.”
“The condition-dependent sexual dimorphism model explains the evolution and maintenance of sexual dimorphism in traits targeted by sexual selection, and predicts that the magnitude of sexual dimorphism depends on the variability of individual condition, male traits being more variable than female

corresponding traits. GSK1838705A datasheet Most convincing examples concern insects, while studies among vertebrates are scanty because manipulating condition often is not possible, and the time to reach sexual maturity may be too long. Islands offer a unique opportunity to compare how the environment affects the expression of sexual dimorphism, since they represent natural experimental sets’ in which different populations of the same species may experience alternative environmental constraints. We investigated the occurrence of context-dependent expression in sexual dimorphism of head shape in insular populations of the common wall lizards (Podarcis muralis) inhabiting the Tuscan Archipelago (Tyrrhenian Sea). Alternative models were formulated: H-0 assumes that the sexual dimorphism is uninfluenced by islands, H-1 assumes the only effect of phylogeny, H-2A and H-2B account for the biogeography of the archipelago (island size and distance from the mainland), while H-3 assumes island-specific effects on sexual dimorphism.